A recent increase in West Nile Virus cases in Nebraska highlights need for prevention.
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne virus that poses significant health risks, particularly during the summer months when mosquito activity is at its peak. It is spread to people by the bite of an infected mosquito, primarily the Culex species in Nebraska. While anyone can be infected, preventive measures like insect repellent and protective clothing can significantly reduce the risk.
Following a recent update from the Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) Health Alert Network, public health officials are urging Nebraskans to take steps to protect themselves against West Nile Virus (WNV). In 2023 the state witnessed a significant surge in WNV cases, with 150 reported infections. Of note, 61% of these cases (91) manifested as severe neuroinvasive disease, resulting in 10 deaths.
While 2024 has seen a slower start to the season, with several human cases, blood donor detections, and positive mosquito samples, WNV activity typically intensifies in July. We must remain aware and take preventative measures to safeguard ourselves and fellow Nebraskans from this potentially debilitating virus.
Understanding West Nile Virus Transmission
West Nile virus is most commonly spread to people by mosquito bites. The virus was first identified in Uganda in 1937 and later emerged in the United States in 1999. West Nile virus is now considered endemic in many parts of the U.S., including Nebraska. The virus primarily affects birds, but mosquitoes can transmit it to humans and other animals.
How Do You Get West Nile Virus?
West Nile virus is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected mosquito. Mosquitoes become infected when they feed on birds that carry the virus. The virus is then transmitted to humans and other animals through mosquito bites. There is no evidence of transmission from person to person or from animals other than mosquitoes.
Who’s Most Vulnerable to West Nile Virus?
Certain groups are at higher risk of developing severe complications from West Nile virus infection. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), individuals over 50 are more likely to experience severe illness if infected, possibly due to weakened immune systems. Additionally, people with underlying health conditions such as cancer, diabetes, hypertension, and kidney disease, as well as those with compromised immune systems, are also at increased risk of severe illness from West Nile virus. Pregnant women and infants are generally not at higher risk for severe disease unless they have other health conditions that compromise their immune systems. Source: CDC – West Nile Virus
What Are the Symptoms?
Most people infected with West Nile virus (approximately 80%) are asymptomatic. Those who develop symptoms typically do so after a 3-14 day incubation period. Symptoms can range from mild to severe. Mild symptoms, often referred to as West Nile fever, can include:
- Fever
- Headache
- Fatigue
- Muscle or joint pain
- Skin rash on the trunk of the body
- Swollen lymph glands
- Eye pain
Severe symptoms can affect the central nervous system and include:
- High fever
- Headache
- Neck stiffness
- Stupor
- Disorientation
- Coma
- Tremors
- Convulsions
- Muscle weakness
- Vision changes or loss
- Numbness
- Paralysis
These severe symptoms are indicative of neuroinvasive diseases such as encephalitis or meningitis and require immediate medical attention. According to the Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services, 61% of the West Nile virus cases reported in 2023 were classified as severe neuroinvasive disease, with 10 deaths reported.
How Can You Protect Yourself?
Protection against West Nile virus involves minimizing mosquito exposure and using preventive measures to avoid mosquito bites. Here are some effective strategies:
1. Use Insect Repellent. Applying insect repellent is one of the most effective ways to prevent mosquito bites. Repellents containing DEET, picaridin, or oil of lemon eucalyptus are recommended. These products have been proven to be effective against mosquitoes that carry West Nile virus.
2. Wear Long Sleeves and Pants. Wearing long-sleeved shirts and long pants can help reduce the amount of exposed skin, making it harder for mosquitoes to bite. Opt for light-colored clothing, as mosquitoes are less attracted to lighter colors.
3. Avoid Dawn and Dusk Activities. Mosquitoes that transmit West Nile virus are most active during dawn and dusk. If possible, avoid outdoor activities during these times. If you must be outside, take additional precautions such as wearing insect repellent and protective clothing.
4. Eliminate Standing Water. Mosquitoes lay their eggs in standing water, so eliminating these sources around your home can help reduce mosquito populations. Common sources of standing water include birdbaths, flowerpots, gutters, and discarded tires. Regularly emptying and cleaning these items can make a significant difference.
5. Stay Indoors. Using screens on windows and doors can help keep mosquitoes out of your home. Additionally, using air conditioning can reduce the likelihood of mosquitoes entering your living space.
What Can You Do If You Think You Have It?
If you suspect you have contracted West Nile virus, especially if you experience severe symptoms, seek medical attention immediately. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for managing severe cases of West Nile virus. Contact your think provider or stop by our thinkquick walk-in clinic to be evaluated.
Treatment
There is no specific antiviral treatment for West Nile virus. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms and providing supportive care. Care may include:
- Pain relievers to reduce fever and alleviate pain.
- Hospitalization for severe cases to provide supportive care, such as intravenous fluids, pain medication, and, in some cases, respiratory support.
Conclusion
West Nile virus is a significant health concern, especially during the summer months when mosquito activity is high. By understanding what West Nile virus is, how it is transmitted, the symptoms it can cause, and how to protect yourself, you can reduce your risk of infection. Stay informed about West Nile virus activity in your area, use preventive measures to avoid mosquito bites, and seek medical attention if you experience symptoms. By taking these steps, you can enjoy the outdoors while keeping yourself and your family safe from West Nile virus.
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